4.11 Vulnerability of Pollination Ecosystem Services
نویسنده
چکیده
4.11.1 Ecological Interactions 118 4.11.1.1 Pollination Services 118 4.11.1.2 Sensitivity/Vulnerability of Pollination Services 119 4.11.1.2.1 Temporal Mismatch 119 4.11.1.2.2 Spatial Mismatch 120 4.11.1.2.3 Alteration of Pollinator Networks 121 4.11.1.2.4 Simulated Biodiversity Loss or Phenological Mismatch 121 4.11.1.2.5 Network Comparison Post Habitat-Alteration 122 4.11.2 Ecosystem Service Changes 122 4.11.2.1 Wild Plant Pollination 122 4.11.2.2 Crop Plant Pollination 123 4.11.3 Mitigation Possibilities 123 4.11.3.1 Local Habitat Restoration 123 4.11.3.2 Regional Habitat Restoration 124 4.11.3.3 Pollination Restoration and Climate 124 4.11.4 Conclusions and Policy and Management Implications 124 References 125
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